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William Shakespeare's Family and Early Life in Stratford-on-avon.

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Overview of the life of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an histrion, playwright, poet, and theatre entrepreneur in London during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. He was baptised on 26 April 1564[a] in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, in the Holy Trinity Church. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway with whom he had three children. He died in his home boondocks of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52. Though more than is known most Shakespeare'south life than those of virtually other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the lite of his social status every bit a commoner, the depression esteem in which his profession was held, and the general lack of interest of the time in the personal lives of writers.[2] [3] [four] [five] [6] Information about his life derives from public rather than individual documents: vital records, real estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his works in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies have been written and more continue to be, most of which rely on inferences and the historical context of the 70 or so hard facts recorded about Shakespeare the man, a technique that sometimes leads to embellishment or unwarranted interpretation of the documented record.[7] [viii]

Early on life [edit]

Family origins [edit]

William Shakespeare[b] was built-in in Stratford-upon-Avon. His exact engagement of birth is not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—merely has been traditionally taken to exist 23 April 1564, which is besides the Feast Day of Saint George, the patron saint of England. He was the starting time son and the first surviving kid in the family unit; two earlier children, Joan and Margaret, had died early on.[9] So a marketplace town of about 2000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a eye for the marketing, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hibernate tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt to brewers of ale and beer.

His parents were John Shakespeare, a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the youngest daughter of John'southward begetter'south landlord, a member of the local gentry. The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was built-in, purportedly in a house now known equally Shakespeare'due south Birthplace. They had 8 children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (bap. ii December 1562 – buried xxx April 1563), William, Gilbert (bap. 13 October 1566 – bur. 2 February 1612), Joan (bap. 15 April 1569 – bur. 4 Nov 1646), Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. four April 1579), Richard (bap. 11 March 1574 – bur. four February 1613) and Edmund (bap. 3 May 1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).[10]

Shakespeare's family unit was higher up average materially during his childhood. His father's business organization was thriving at the time of William'southward birth. John Shakespeare owned several properties in Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in wool. He was appointed to several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term equally bailiff, the main magistrate of the town council, in 1568. For reasons unclear to history he fell upon difficult times, kickoff in 1576, when William was 12.[11] He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in wool and for usury, and he mortgaged and later on lost some lands he had obtained through his wife's inheritance that would have been inherited by his eldest son. Subsequently four years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced as burgess in 1586.

Boyhood and teaching [edit]

A close analysis of Shakespeare'due south works compared with the standard curriculum of the time confirms that Shakespeare had received a grammar schoolhouse didactics.[12] [13] [14] [xv] [16] The King Edward Half-dozen School at Stratford was on Church building Street, less than a quarter of a mile from Shakespeare'due south home and within a few yards from where his begetter sabbatum on the boondocks council. It was free to all male person children and the evidence indicates that John Shakespeare sent his sons in that location for a grammar schoolhouse instruction, though no omnipresence records survive. Shakespeare would have been enrolled when he was vii, in 1571.[17] [12] Classes were held every day except on Sundays, with a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round. The school day typically ran from 6 a.1000. to 5 p.thousand., with a two-hr break for dejeuner, from 7 a.m. to iv p.thousand. in winter.

Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, merely the grammer curriculum was standardised by royal decree throughout England,[18] [xix] and the schoolhouse would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and literature—"every bit expert a formal literary preparation as had whatever of his contemporaries".[20] Most of the day was spent in the rote learning of Latin. By the time he was 10, Shakespeare was translating Cicero, Terence, Virgil and Ovid. As a part of this education, the students performed Latin plays to better understand rhetoric. By the finish of their studies at age 14, grammer schoolhouse pupils were quite familiar with the smashing Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.[21]

Shakespeare is unique among his contemporaries in the extent of figurative language derived from country life and nature.[22] The familiarity with the animals and plants of the English language countryside exhibited in his poems and plays, especially the early ones, suggests that he lived the babyhood of a typical country boy, with piece of cake access to rural nature and a propensity for outdoor sports, specially hunting.[23] [24] [25]

Marriage [edit]

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence to marry Anne Hathaway, the daughter of the late Richard Hathaway, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west of Stratford (the clerk mistakenly recorded the proper noun "Anne Whateley").[26] He was xviii and she was 26. The licence, issued by the consistory court of the diocese of Worcester, 21 miles w of Stratford, allowed the 2 to marry with only one announcement of the marriage banns in church instead of the customary three successive Sundays.[27]

Since he was under age and could not stand as surety, and since Hathaway'due south father had died, ii of Hathaway'due south neighbours - Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson - posted a bail of £40 the next solar day to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; that the helpmate had the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu of parents or guardians if she was nether age); and to indemnify the bishop issuing the licence from any possible liability for the wife and any children should whatever impediment nullify the matrimony.[28] [29] Neither the exact twenty-four hour period, nor place, of their marriage is non known.

The reason for the special licence became apparent six months later with the baptism of their offset daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children - a son Hamnet and a daughter Judith (named later on Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) were baptised on 2 February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 years of historic period.

Lost years [edit]

Afterwards the baptism of the twins in 1585, and except for existence party to a lawsuit to recover part of his mother'south estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakespeare leaves no historical traces until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him as part of the London theatrical scene in 1592. This seven-year menstruation - known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars - was filled by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions and past more than recent biographers with surmises about the onset of his acting career deduced from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records of the various troupes of players, acting at that time. While this lack of records bars any certainty virtually his activity during those years, it is sure that by the time of Greene'southward assail on the 28-year-sometime, Shakespeare had caused a reputation as an actor and burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths [edit]

Shakespeare Earlier Thomas Lucy, a typical Victorian illustration of the poaching anecdote

Several hypotheses have been put forth to business relationship for his life during this time, and a number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's beginning biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy, and that he and then wrote a scurrilous ballad about Lucy. Information technology is besides reported, according to a annotation added by Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London. Johnson adds that the story had been told to Alexander Pope by Rowe.[30]

In his Cursory Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the country" on the authority of William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Sense of humor (1598) as a fellow member of the Lord Chamberlain'due south Men.[31]

Subsequently speculation [edit]

In 1985 E.A.J Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted every bit a schoolmaster in Lancashire,[32] on the prove plant in the 1581 will of a fellow member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes and request his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me". Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare'due south reputed concluding schoolmaster, recommended the young man.

Some other idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after the sudden expiry of actor William Knell in a fight while on a bout which later took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Mayhap Shakespeare took Knell'south identify and thus constitute his manner to London and stage-state."[33] Shakespeare'southward father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the acceptance and welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.[34]

London and theatrical career [edit]

Shakespeare's signature, from his volition

Though Shakespeare is known today primarily as a playwright and poet, his main occupation was as a player and sharer in an acting troupe. How or when Shakespeare got into acting is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a guild that could have established restrictions on new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the field in the Elizabethan era.[35] [36]

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to see professional playing companies in his youth. Earlier being immune to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to nowadays their play before the boondocks council to exist licensed. Players first acted in Stratford in 1568, the yr that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned xx, the Stratford town quango had paid for at least xviii performances past at to the lowest degree 12 playing companies. In one playing flavor alone, that of 1586–87, five unlike acting troupes visited Stratford.[37] [38]

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a 1000000 of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is equally well able to bombast out a blanke verse equally the best of y'all: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Milkshake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger'south heart wrapped in a woman'south hibernate" from Shakespeare's Henry Half-dozen, function 3.)[39]

By belatedly 1594, Shakespeare was office-owner of a playing company, known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the menses, the visitor took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group became so popular that, after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the company, which then became known as the Male monarch'southward Men, subsequently the death of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare'south works are written within the frame of reference of the career histrion, rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.[c]

The Shakespeare family had long sought armorial bearings and the status of admirer. William's father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of expert nascency, was eligible for a glaze of arms and applied to the College of Heralds, merely evidently his worsening financial status prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, most probably at the instigation of William himself as he was the more than prosperous at the fourth dimension. The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was fastened to the application, but it was not used on any armorial displays that take survived. The theme of social condition and restoration runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his ain longing.[41]

Past 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 he appeared at the top of a list of actors in Every Man in His Humour written by Ben Jonson. He is also listed amongst the actors in Jonson'south Sejanus His Fall. Likewise by 1598, his name began to appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably as a selling betoken.[ citation needed ]

There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business and financial details equally function-possessor of the company, connected to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet'south father, Adam in Every bit You lot Similar Information technology, and the Chorus in Henry 5.[42]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark erstwhile effectually 1599. In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal documents from 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London in 1604. Mountjoy'southward apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy'due south daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted equally a go-between, to help negotiate the terms of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. 8 years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part of the dowry. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in a deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of his daughter. So Shakespeare was chosen to testify, and according to the tape, said that Belott was "a very good and industrious servant". Shakespeare and then contradicted the deposition, and testified that it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited and encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to marry the Mountjoy'south daughter. When it came to specifics about the size of the dowry and promised inheritance due the daughter, Shakespeare did not call back. A 2d set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to prove once again, but that appears not to have happened. The case was then turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church building for mediation.[43]

Business affairs [edit]

By the early 17th century, Shakespeare had become very prosperous. Most of his coin went to secure his family unit's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to take lived in rented accommodation while in London. According to John Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his family for a catamenia each year.[44] Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy the second-largest firm in Stratford, New Place, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill. The Stratford chamberlain'south accounts in 1598 record a sale of stone to the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been related to remodelling work on the newly purchased firm.[45] The purchase was thrown into doubt when prove emerged that Underhill, who died shortly after the auction, had been poisoned by his oldest son, just the auction was confirmed past the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of age in 1602.[46]

In 1598 the local quango ordered an investigation into the hoarding of grain, as in that location had been a run of bad harvests causing a steep increase in prices. Speculators were acquiring excess quantities in the hope of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare'due south household, recording that he possessed ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted as bear witness that he was listed equally a hoarder. Others argue that Shakespeare's property was not unusual. Co-ordinate to Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had eleven quarters, and the vicar, Mr. Byfield, had six of his own and iv of his sis's".[45] Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, advise that he purchased the malt as an investment, since he later sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, for an unpaid debt for xx bushels of malt.[45] Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale to Rogers, over six installments, was a kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was an apothecary who would accept used the malt as raw material for his products.[45] Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of a not bad house, the owner of large gardens and granaries, a homo with generous stores of barley which ane could purchase, at need, for a cost. In short, he had become an entrepreneur specialising in real manor and agronomical products, an aspect of his identity further enhanced past his investments in local farmland and farm produce.[47]

Shakespeare'southward biggest acquisitions were country holdings and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to the north of the town. He bought a share in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, besides as from wool, lamb and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making ii local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at controlling every bit much as possible of the local grain market", a strategy that was highly successful.[47] In 1614 Shakespeare'southward profits were potentially threatened by a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to have control of common country in Welcombe, function of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded a chat with Shakespeare about the effect. Shakespeare said he believed the enclosure would not go through, a prediction that turned out to be right. Greene also recorded that Shakespeare had told Greene'southward brother that "I was not able to bear the enclosing of Welcombe". Information technology is unclear from the context whether Shakespeare is speaking of his own feelings, or referring to Thomas's opposition.[d]

Shakespeare'southward last major purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an apartment in a gatehouse in the erstwhile Blackfriars priory;[51] The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare'south visitor used every bit their winter playhouse from 1608. The purchase was probably an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and the apartment was rented out to 1 John Robinson. Robinson may be the same human being recorded as a labourer in Stratford, in which case information technology is possible he worked for Shakespeare. He may exist the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.[52]

After years and death [edit]

Rowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death;[53] but retirement from all work was uncommon at that time,[54] and Shakespeare continued to visit London. In 1612 he was called equally a witness in the Bellott 5 Mountjoy case.[55] [56] A year afterward he was back in London to make the Gatehouse buy.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's girl Susanna was slandered by John Lane, a local man who claimed she had caught gonorrhea from a lover. Susanna and her married man Dr John Hall sued for slander. Lane failed to appear and was convicted. From Nov 1614 Shakespeare was in London for several weeks with his son-in-police force, Hall.[57]

In the terminal few weeks of Shakespeare'due south life, the human who was to marry his younger daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local church court with "fornication". A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a child and claimed it was Quiney'due south; she and the child both died shortly after. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his will to ensure that Judith's interest in his manor was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed day of his nascency and the feast day of St. George, patron of England), at the reputed age of 52.[due east] He died within a calendar month of signing his will, a document which he begins past describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant gimmicky source explains how or why he died. Later on half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry coming together and, information technology seems, drank as well hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted."[58] [59] It is certainly possible he caught a fever after such a meeting, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come up from boyfriend authors, one — by James Mabbe printed in the Offset Folio — refers to his relatively early decease: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that one thousand went'st so presently / From the world's stage to the grave'southward tiring room."[sixty]

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by 2 daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had died in 1596. His last surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna and John Hall. There are no direct descendants of the poet and playwright alive today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Cursory Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to exist believed Shakespeare's actual son. Davenant's mother was the wife of a vintner at the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the road betwixt London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling betwixt his home and the majuscule.[61]

Shakespeare'south gravestone.

Shakespeare is buried in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church building in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted the laurels of burial in the chancel not because of his fame as a playwright but because he had purchased a share of the tithe in the church for £440 (a considerable sum of coin at the fourth dimension). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placed by his family,[62] features a bosom showing Shakespeare posed in the act of writing. Every year, on his causeless birthday, a new quill pen is placed in the writing hand of the bust. He is believed to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.[63]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blessed exist the man that spares these stones,
And cursed exist he that moves my bones.

Encounter as well [edit]

  • Shakespeare'due south Way
  • Religious views of William Shakespeare
  • Reputation of William Shakespeare

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the get-go of the year adjusted to 1 January (see Erstwhile Fashion and New Style dates). Nether the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on iii May, 1616[i]
  2. ^ Also spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Milk shake-speare, as spelling in Elizabethan times was not stock-still and absolute. Encounter Spelling of Shakespeare'due south proper name.
  3. ^ William Neilson, in his book The Facts about Shakespeare (1915), writes: "Records amply establish the identity between Shakespeare the actor and the writer. ... The extent of observation and knowledge in the plays is, indeed, remarkable just it is non accompanied by any indication of thorough scholarship, or a detailed connexion with whatever profession exterior of the theater...".[forty]
  4. ^ Schoenbaum concludes that "whatever attempt to translate the passage is guesswork, and no more than".[48] Lois Potter suggests that the word "bear" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—pregnant that Greene would not be able to end the enclosure. [49] [fifty]
  5. ^ His historic period and the engagement are inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 DIE 23 Apr.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 15.
  2. ^ Bate 1998, p. 4.
  3. ^ Southworth 2000, p. v.
  4. ^ Wells 1997, pp. 4–v.
  5. ^ Bryson 2007, pp. 17–19.
  6. ^ Halliwell-Phillipps 1907, pp. v–vi.
  7. ^ Holderness 2011, p. 19.
  8. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 10–eleven.
  9. ^ Potter 2012, pp. 1, 10.
  10. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. one–2.
  11. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. thirteen.
  12. ^ a b Honan 1999, p. 43.
  13. ^ Potter 2012, p. 48.
  14. ^ Bate 1998, p. 8.
  15. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63.
  16. ^ Ellis 2012, p. 41.
  17. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 63.
  18. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183.
  19. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29.
  20. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 117, 663.
  21. ^ Bate 1998, pp. 83–87.
  22. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 287.
  23. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 254, 545.
  24. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 42–43.
  25. ^ Spurgeon 2004, pp. 30–31.
  26. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. xi.
  27. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 75–79.
  28. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 43–46.
  29. ^ Loomis 2002, pp. 17–18.
  30. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 75.
  31. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111.
  32. ^ Honigmann 1985, pp. 41–48.
  33. ^ Schoenbaum 1979, p. 43.
  34. ^ Pierce 2006, p. 3.
  35. ^ Bentley 1984, p. six.
  36. ^ Ingram 2000, p. 155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIngram2000 (help)
  37. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 15.
  38. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 115.
  39. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 151–158.
  40. ^ Neilson 1915, pp. 164–165.
  41. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 76–86.
  42. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 234–236.
  43. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 337-339.
  44. ^ Honan 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d Boehrer 2013, pp. 88–89.
  46. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 234.
  47. ^ a b Boehrer 2013, p. 90.
  48. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 284–285.
  49. ^ Potter 2012, p. 404.
  50. ^ Palmer & Palmer 1999, p. 96.
  51. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 272–274.
  52. ^ Pogue 2006, pp. 42–43.
  53. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 476.
  54. ^ Honan 1999, pp. 382–383.
  55. ^ Honan 1999, p. 326.
  56. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464.
  57. ^ Honan 1999, p. 387.
  58. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78.
  59. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453.
  60. ^ Kinney 2012, p. 11.
  61. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 224–227.
  62. ^ Holderness 2001, pp. 152–154.
  63. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 306–307.

Bibliography [edit]

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  • Rowse, A. L. (1963). William Shakespeare: A Biography . New York and Evanston: Harper & Row. hdl:2027/mdp.39015001788119. OL 5884522M.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1977). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. Oxford: Clarendon Printing. ISBN0-19-502211-iv.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1979). Shakespeare: The Earth & the Globe. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. ISBN0-19-502645-4.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1987). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN978-0-19-505161-2.
  • Schoenbaum, Southward. (1991). Shakespeare'due south Lives (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Printing. ISBN0-nineteen-818618-v.
  • Schoone-Jongen, Terence (2008). Shakespeare'due south Companies: William Shakespeare's Early Career and the Acting Companies, 1577-1594. Studies in Functioning and Early Modernistic Drama. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6434-5.
  • Southworth, John (2000). Shakespeare the Player: A Life in the Theatre. Sutton. ISBN978-0-7509-2312-5.
  • Spurgeon, Caroline (2004). Shakespeare's Imagery and What It Tells United states of america. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-06538-0.
  • Wells, Stanley (1997). Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: W. Westward. Norton. ISBN0-393-31562-2.

External links [edit]

  • Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his ain fourth dimension.
  • The Internet Shakespeare Editions provides an extensive section on his life and times.
  • The Shakespeare Resources Center A directory of Web resources for online Shakespearean study. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and linguistic communication resources.
  • Documenting the Early Years and Documenting the Later Years are two interactive manufactures written by Michael Wood.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare

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